Given-New Principle

Instructions: In this exercise, you need to analyze topical progression of a text on elevators. First, you need to locate the referent (Ref S1-8) of a subject (S1-8) in each sentence. Then, decide which pattern (i.e., constant or stepwise) is applied to create cohesion between the referent and subject.

Referent is a word or phrase is being referred to by another word. Referent is quite similar to a synonym.

Example: In the sentence below metro is the referent of it.

¹Elevators have been a key element of buildings, especially tall buildings, since their widespread use began in the 19th century. ²As a matter of fact,PATTERN? high-rise buildings (S1) would not have existed without elevators. ³PATTERN? Elevators (S2) have a myriad of safety features and devices to ensure a safe journey for the passengers. ⁴PATTERN? One of these devices (S3) is the safety gear. ⁵PATTERN? Safety gears (S4) are emergency brakes that stop speeding elevators by gripping the guide rails. ⁶PATTERN? They (S5) are adjusted for a safe deceleration range by the technician during installation and exert a constant force ⁷Due to their purely mechanical nature, once triggered, PATTERN? the safety gear (S6) is currently unable to actively adjust the braking force to counteract vibrations, to decelerate at different rates, or to stop the elevator at the closest landing. ⁸Therefore, PATTERN? the emergency braking event (S7) can be harsh and noticeable, leaving the passengers stuck in the elevator shaft after the braking event.